Equestria has magic everywhere, The Everfree itself is powered by the Tree of Harmony for example. The frozen North seems to abundant with minerals that have even transformed the ponies themselves, The Crystal Heart seems to be Similar to the Tree. Its possible that opposites to this powerful artifacts exist beyond Equestria's boarders though to date the Alicorn Amulet is the only 'Dark Artefact' to be confirmed.
The positions of raising the sun and moon have always existed though it took dozens of unicorns i concert to achieve. The fact that a single alicorn can it must have been a shock to them. I'd imagine Celestia and Luna probably earned thier positions because basically, I don't think a unicorn could stop them, even if they all tried. Also given Celestia is 1000 years old, her raising the sun became a fact of life for all ponies after that, its even a celebrated event during the solstice.
Discord might have been originally a much more melevelent (Celestia's description of him dueing his rein implies this) but I think being in Equestria so long has actually diluted his magic and personality, creating the whimsical embodiment as we now know him.